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Apollo (Attic, Ionic, and Homeric Greek: , ''Apollōn'' ( ); Doric: , ''Apellōn''; Arcadocypriot: , ''Apeilōn''; Aeolic: , ''Aploun''; (ラテン語:Apollō)) is one of the most important and complex of the Olympian deities in classical Greek and Roman religion and Greek and Roman mythology. The ideal of the ''kouros'' (a beardless, athletic youth), Apollo has been variously recognized as a god of music, truth and prophecy, healing, the sun and light, plague, poetry, and more. Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto, and has a twin sister, the chaste huntress Artemis. Apollo is known in Greek-influenced Etruscan mythology as ''Apulu''. As the patron of Delphi (''Pythian Apollo''), Apollo was an oracular god—the prophetic deity of the Delphic Oracle. Medicine and healing are associated with Apollo, whether through the god himself or mediated through his son Asclepius, yet Apollo was also seen as a god who could bring ill-health and deadly plague. Amongst the god's custodial charges, Apollo became associated with dominion over colonists, and as the patron defender of herds and flocks. As the leader of the Muses (''Apollon Musegetes'') and director of their choir, Apollo functioned as the patron god of music and poetry. Hermes created the lyre for him, and the instrument became a common attribute of Apollo. Hymns sung to Apollo were called paeans. In Hellenistic times, especially during the 3rd century BCE, as ''Apollo Helios'' he became identified among Greeks with Helios, Titan god of the sun, and his sister Artemis similarly equated with Selene, Titan goddess of the moon.〔For the iconography of the Alexander–Helios type, see H. Hoffmann, 1963. "Helios", in ''Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt'' 2, pp. 117–23; cf. Yalouris 1980, no. 42.〕 In Latin texts, on the other hand, Joseph Fontenrose declared himself unable to find any conflation of Apollo with Sol among the Augustan poets of the 1st century, not even in the conjurations of Aeneas and Latinus in ''Aeneid'' XII (161–215).〔Joseph Fontenrose, "Apollo and Sol in the Latin poets of the first century BC", ''Transactions of the American Philological Association'' 30 (1939), pp 439–55; "Apollo and the Sun-God in Ovid", ''American Journal of Philology'' 61 (1940) pp 429–44; and "Apollo and Sol in the Oaths of Aeneas and Latinus" ''Classical Philology'' 38.2 (April 1943), pp. 137–138.〕 Apollo and Helios/Sol remained separate beings in literary and mythological texts until the 3rd century CE. ==Etymology== The name of Apollo itself—though not ''Paean'', a possible name of a precursor god to or epithet of him—is generally considered to be absent from the Linear B (Mycenean Greek) texts although it is possible that the name is in fact attested in the lacunose form '']pe-rjo-((Linear B: )-aploun''), "simple",〔The suggestion is repeated by Plutarch in ''Moralia'' in the sense of "unity".〕 in particular in reference to the Thessalian form of the name, , and finally with (''aeiballon''), "ever-shooting". Hesychius connects the name Apollo with the Doric (''apella''), which means "assembly", so that Apollo would be the god of political life, and he also gives the explanation (''sekos''), "fold", in which case Apollo would be the god of flocks and herds. In the Ancient Macedonian language (''pella'') means "stone," and some toponyms may be derived from this word: (Pella,〔R. S. P. Beekes, ''Etymological Dictionary of Greek'', Brill, 2009, p. 1168.〕 the capital of Ancient Macedonia) and (''Pellēnē''/''Pallene''). A number of non-Greek etymologies have been suggested for the name,〔Martin Nilsson, ''Die Geschichte der Griechische Religion'', vol. I (C. H. Beck), 1955:555–564.〕 The Hittite form ''Apaliunas'' (''d'') is attested in the Manapa-Tarhunta letter,〔The reading of ''Apaliunas'' and the possible identification with Apollo is due to Emil Forrer (1931). It was doubted by Kretschmer, ''Glotta'' XXIV, p. 250. Martin Nilsson (1967), Vol I, p. 559〕 perhaps related to Hurrian ''Aplu'', a god of plague, in turn likely from Akkadian ''Aplu Enlil'' meaning simply "the son of Enlil", a title that was given to the god Nergal, who was linked to Shamash, Babylonian god of the sun.〔de Grummond, Nancy Thomson (2006) ''Etruscan Myth, Sacred History, and Legend''. (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology); Mackenzie, Donald A. (2005) ''Myths of Babylonia and Assyria'' (Gutenberg)〕 The role of Apollo as god of plague is evident in the invocation of Apollo Smintheus ("mouse Apollo") by Chryses, the Trojan priest of Apollo, with the purpose of sending a plague against the Greeks (the reasoning behind a god of the plague becoming a god of healing is of course apotropaic, meaning that the god responsible for bringing the plague must be appeased in order to remove the plague). The Hittite testimony reflects an early form ', which may also be surmised from comparison of Cypriot with Doric . A Luwian etymology suggested for ''Apaliunas'' makes Apollo "The One of Entrapment", perhaps in the sense of "Hunter". 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Apollo」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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